Dificultades morfosintácticas en niños con hipoacusia oralizados: propuestas explicativas y su relación con otras habilidades cognitivas
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Los niños con hipoacusia prelingual que adquieren una lengua oral a través de equipamiento auditivo (NHO) suelen tener un desarrollo lingüístico inferior al de los niños con desarrollo típico. Para poder diseñar programas de intervención y entrenamiento destinados a permitirles alcanzar su máximo potencial lingüístico, es crucial identificar qué aspectos del lenguaje les presentan dificultades y cuáles son las causas detrás de ellas. Este trabajo se enfoca en las habilidades morfosintácticas de los NHO a nivel oracional y su relación con otras habilidades cognitivas. Estos niños suelen tener una buena comprensión y producción de oraciones simples canónicas, pero presentan muchas dificultades con estructuras complejas, como oraciones con orden no canónico o con subordinación. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una revisión narrativa de diversas propuestas que intentan explicar las dificultades morfosintácticas de los NHO. Distintas propuestas atribuyen estas dificultades a limitaciones perceptuales, a una exposición insuficiente al lenguaje durante el periodo crítico para su adquisición, o a habilidades de memoria o de secuenciación subdesarrolladas como consecuencia de una exposición insuficiente al sonido a edades tempranas. Si bien para cada propuesta existe evidencia empírica, esta no es consistente. Dada la heterogeneidad característica de la población, es posible que todas las propuestas señalen factores relevantes cuyo peso varíe en niños con distintos perfiles lingüísticos, clínicos y cognitivos.
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